Authors
- Authors remain fully accountable for the accuracy, originality, citations, analysis, and conclusions of submitted work.
- Generative AI tools must not be listed as authors or cited as accountable contributors.
- Material use of generative AI in writing, coding, image creation, data processing, translation, or analysis must be described transparently in the manuscript or cover information.
- Authors must verify AI-generated output and must not submit fabricated references, invented data, misleading images, or confidential information obtained without authorization.
- Routine spelling, grammar, and formatting assistance does not normally require a detailed disclosure unless it materially changes scholarly content.
Reviewers and editors
Manuscripts and review materials are confidential. Reviewers and editors must not upload them, in whole or in part, to a generative-AI service unless the journal has explicitly approved the service and its data handling. Any permitted assistance must not replace independent expert judgment.
Images and research data
AI-generated or AI-altered images and data must not be presented as observed research evidence. Legitimate computational methods should be described with enough detail for evaluation, including the tool, version, purpose, inputs, validation, and human oversight where relevant.
Policy breaches
Undisclosed or misleading AI use may lead to requests for correction, rejection, withdrawal of acceptance, correction or retraction after publication, and review under the publication-ethics policy.