Corrections
A correction may be published when an error affects the interpretation, metadata, attribution, or reliability of part of an article but does not invalidate the work as a whole. The notice will describe the change and link to the article.
Retractions
Retraction may be appropriate when findings are unreliable because of major error or misconduct, the work is redundant or plagiarized, research was unethical, peer review was manipulated, or publication rights were seriously infringed.
Process
The journal will assess available evidence, invite a response from the authors where practicable, and seek specialist or institutional information when necessary. An unresolved authorship or institutional dispute will not be decided by the journal beyond what is required to maintain an accurate publication record.
Notices and article access
Correction and retraction notices will identify the affected article, state the reason in clear language, and remain permanently available. Retracted articles normally remain accessible for the scholarly record but will be clearly marked as retracted. Content may be removed only in exceptional circumstances involving legal obligations, privacy, safety, or serious harm.